The Lamento d'Arianna was given its world premiere in 1908 by the Berlin Philharmonic under conductor Arthur Nikisch. Respighi had gone to Berlin to accompany the singing class of Etelka Gerster, and his experiences as piano accompanist for opera singers evolved his sensibility for writing for the voice. This early choice of arranging the music of Claudio Monteverdi shows Respighi's innate interest in Early Music.
Not to be mistaken with other Monteverdi works of the same name, this Lamento is the only extant music from Monteverdi's lost second opera L'Arianna. Monteverdi later used the music, including the now famous Lasciatemi morire motif, in three other works of the same name, including the well-known madrigal Lamento d'Arianna which is part of his Madrigals, Book VI. This masterful orchestration of Monteverdi's Lamento was the first work that brought Respighi attention, garnering ecstatic reviews.